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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. In the Hymenoptera, males develop as haploids from unfertilized eggs and females develop as diploids from fertilized eggs.
In species with complementary sex determination CSD , however, diploid males develop from zygotes that are homozygous at a highly polymorphic sex locus or loci. We investigated mating behavior and reproduction of diploid males of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis C. We show that the behavior of diploid males of C. Daughter-producing females that had mated to diploid males produced more male-biased sex ratios than females mated to haploid males.
All daughters of diploid males were triploid and sterile. Three triploid sons were also found among the offspring of diploid males. It has been suggested that this scenario, that is, diploid males mating with females and constraining them to the production of haploid sons, has a large negative impact on population growth rate and secondary sex ratio.
Selection for adaptations to reduce diploid male production in natural populations is therefore likely to be strong. We discuss different scenarios that may reduce the sex determination load in C. In the insect order Hymenoptera, males typically develop from unfertilized haploid eggs, and females from fertilized diploid eggs.